Most recently added articles listed first
Comment by Dr Mark Lavercombe:
The researchers in this fascinating study induced dyspnoea using thoracoabdominal loading in 32 healthy adults without respiratory disease and with normal body mass index. High-flow nasal cannulae were used to administer either FiO2 21% or 100%. Visual analogue ratings of dyspnoea were completed, and showed both high-flow therapies were associated with reduction in symptoms, with no difference between FiO2 21% or 100%. There were also reductions in patient reported chest tightness and work/effort sensations. The authors hypothesise that the mechanism was reduction in afferent-reafferent mismatch. Further studies in patients with respiratory disease are recommended.
Comment by Dr Mark Lavercombe:
In this analysis of almost 50,000 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis from the TriNetX US Collaborative Network, the authors defined subgroups based on self-identified race and ethnicity. The results demonstrate a significantly lower rate of anti-fibrotic use in patients who identified as Black when compared with White (6.2% vs 11.4%, p <0.0001), Hispanic (10.8% vs. 20.2%, p <0.0001) and Asian (9.6% vs. 14.7%, p = 0.0006). Hispanic patients had higher usage of anti-fibrotics than Asian patients (21.1% vs. 16.3%, p = 0.012), and no other comparisons were significant. Sub-group analysis for patients over 65 or with lower FVC demonstrated a persistent difference between treatment in Black and White cohorts. These data suggest that patients identifying as Black in the United States are significantly less likely to be treated with anti-fibrotic therapies for IPF and further data is required to determine why.
Comment by Dr Mark Lavercombe:
This excellent review article collates the literature on IgG4-related disease and particularly its thoracic manifestations. The authors provide an overview of the pathogenesis which remains poorly understood, as well as the clinical and imaging features and a diagnostic algorithm. The identification of a paravertebral soft band on CT chest is relatively specific, while histology will vary depending on the type of tissue sampled. Corticosteroids and rituximab are shown to be effective therapies, although relapse can occur.
Comment by Dr Mark Lavercombe:
Using their cohort of 1068 consecutive patients with chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILD), the authors of this paper designed a two-step machine learning algorithm for the diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) based on patient characteristics, imaging findings, blood tests and pulmonary function tests. Their algorithm can diagnose and differentiate IPF from other ILDs with similar accuracy to multi-disciplinary team (MDT) discussion. Further, patients with IPF diagnosed by artificial intelligence had a poorer prognosis even than those diagnosed with IPF at MDT. Validation on other cohorts is needed to confirm generalisability.
Direct and indirect cost of Systemic Sclerosis and associated Interstitial Lung Disease: A nationwide population-based cohort study
Malene Knarborg, Anders Løkke, Ole Hilberg, Rikke Ibsen and Melina Gade Sikjær (DOI: 10.1111/resp.14223)
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/resp.14224/full (May 2022)
Comment by Dr Mark Lavercombe:
This paper utilises extensive registry data and data linkage to evaluate the direct and indirect costs of a diagnosis of systemic sclerosis (SSc) with or without interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD) compared with healthy controls in Denmark. The diagnosis of systemic sclerosis is associated with a significant increase in healthcare costs. Total excess costs are approximately 40% higher in those diagnosed with SSc-ILD than in those with SSc without ILD. In the years leading up to the diagnosis of SSc, there is no difference in socioeconomic status; however, a significant difference appears from two years prior and persists subsequently to diagnosis. These findings exemplify the financial burden a SSc diagnosis implies for healthcare systems and patients.
Comment by Dr Mark Lavercombe:
Prediction of disease progression and prognosis in patients with interstitial lung disease remains a difficult problem. In this paper, the authors study a cohort of patients with fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis from a single centre and attempt to demonstrate factors that predict mortality. Their finding that decline in lung function at one year predicts a reduced survival is important, but in this patient cohort even marginal declines in FVC and/or DLCO are highly predictive for mortality. This finding warrants further investigation at other centres.
Comment by Dr Mark Lavercombe:
Frailty is an increasingly recognised prognostic marker in many conditions. Assessment for frailty using a simple five-point scale in this cohort of patients with fibrotic interstitial lung diseases demonstrates that frailty is common and associated with higher mortality, even after adjusting for ILD-GAP score. The authors suggest that frailty is potentially modifiable with pulmonary rehabilitation, although this will require further research.
Comment by Dr Mark Lavercombe:
In this paper, the authors apply a retrospective target trial emulation on a large dataset of patients with sarcoidosis from Sweden, to examine the difference in infection rates between those treated with methotrexate and azathioprine for their steroid-sparing effect. Their findings suggest an initial reduction in relative infection risk in those treated with methotrexate, although the difference reduced over time. Prospective data is needed to confirm this finding.
Comment by Dr Mark Lavercombe:
In this fascinating study, the authors combine both modelled and measured air quality data from the Catalonia region of Spain with data from the Observatory IPF.cat registry. A potential link between higher exposure to PM2.5 pollutants and the development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is suggested, although further research is clearly required to delineate causation.
Comment by Dr Mark Lavercombe:
In this large study of over 100,000 patients in the Korea NHIS, the association between a diagnosis of IPF and malignancy is explored. Overall cancer risk is confirmed to be higher (HR-2), largely driven by a significant excess in lung cancer diagnoses (HR-6).
Comment by Dr Mark Lavercombe:
This authors describe the functions of a multidisciplinary ILD clinic at a tertiary referral centre, expanding on the accepted role in multidisciplinary diagnosis to provide ongoing access to specialist physicians, nurses and physiotherapists in one setting. The patient perspective is provided by the use of instructive quotes from patient survey responses.
Comment by Dr Mark Lavercombe:
This study demonstrates that patients with an eventual diagnosis of interstitial lung disease will utilise more healthcare resources in the years leading to their ILD diagnosis, perhaps suggesting that earlier diagnosis is possible. Recognition of potential ILD can have an important impact on appropriate referral, diagnosis and management options, especially when considering agents that affect disease progression in IPF, or specific treatments for ILD associated with other conditions like CTD.
Comment by Dr Mark Lavercombe:
In a cohort of 81 patients presenting with silicosis to a single centre in China, artificial stone exposure is associated with shorter latency to disease onset, and more rapid radiologic progression and reduction in lung function, when compared with those exposed to natural stone. This paper further contributes to the data surrounding accelerated silicosis in workers exposed to artificial stone that has been noted in multiple countries in recent years.
Comment by Dr Mark Lavercombe:
This cohort study demonstrates the difficulty of differentiating sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. The diagnosis of tuberculosis within one year of sarcoidosis diagnosis occurred at a significant rate, suggesting the possibility of misdiagnosis. Further, subsequent diagnosis of sarcoidosis in patients treated for tuberculosis is significant after the first year of follow-up.
Comment by Dr Mark Lavercombe:
This paper describes the findings of a retrospective review of 367 patients from a single centre who presented with pulmonary embolism. Pulmonary infarction was associated with younger age, absence of cardiopulmonary disease, presence of pleuritic chest pain and presence of an ipsilateral pleural effusion. Explanations based on pulmonary blood flow physiology and the development of collateral supply are proposed.
Comment by Dr Mark Lavercombe:
This intriguing study suggests the use of serum SA100A12 concentration as a prognostic marker in pulmonary hypertension. Despite relatively small sample sizes, elevated S100A12 levels were significantly associated with a diagnosis of PH, and negatively correlated to cardiac output. Increased overall mortality was associated with S100A12 levels in both discovery and validation cohorts.
Comment by Dr Mark Lavercombe:
The use of transthoracic echocardiography as a screening tool for pulmonary hypertension in patients with interstitial lung disease is explored in this study, which finds significant numbers of patients are misclassified based on TTE parameters. The possibility of a combined risk assessment using other clinical factors is suggested.
Comment by Dr Mark Lavercombe:
In this study, the authors seek to define the risks of pulmonary hypertension in patients with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema compared with those with IPF alone. Their conclusion that CPFE is "not greater than the sum of its parts" helps guide prognostication in this patient cohort.
Comment by Dr Mark Lavercombe:
Surgical lung biopsy for pathological correlation with the clinico-radiologic diagnosis in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia is associated with a risk of morbidity and mortality. These risks increase with age. In this retrospective cohort of elderly patients (≥75y), the authors demonstrate that biopsy features were not those of UIP in 39% of cases where HRCT was inconsistent with UIP. This diagnostic benefit is countered by significant 30- and 90-day mortality.
Comment by Dr Mark Lavercombe:
Clinicians have long relied on extrapolation of data from COPD studies to inform decision making around oxygen supplementation in patients with other chronic lung diseases. This study demonstrates a difference between patients with fibrotic ILDs and COPD in the degree of exertional oxygen desaturation, raising important questions about the appropriateness of extrapolation.
Comment by Dr Mark Lavercombe:
This paper describes the radiological follow-up of patients treated for cryptogenic organising pneumonia and demonstrates a high proportion of patients have residual radiologic abnormality. Several factors associated with persisting abnormalities are identified, including extent of consolidation and treatment duration.
Comment by Dr Mark Lavercombe:
The PA:A ratio as measured on chest CT scan has been demonstrated to predict pulmonary hypertension in some studies. In this cohort PA:A > 0.9 is found to predict both elevated mPAP and survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Prognosis in patients with fibrotic interstitial lung diseases can vary significantly. In this study, the authors demonstrate that Frailty is highly prevalent in a cohort of patients with fibrotic ILD and strongly associated with dyspnoea severity. The authors propose a potential role for frailty assessment in identifying patients at risk of complications from invasive procedures or medical therapies, and/or mortality.
Pulmonary Rehabilitation Guidelines for Australia and New Zealand Jennifer A Alison, Zoe J McKeough, Kylie Johnston, Renae J McNamara, Lissa M Spencer, Sue C Jenkins, Catherine J Hill, Vanessa M McDonald, Peter Frith, Paul Cafarella, Michelle Brooke, Helen L Cameron-Tucker, Sarah Candy, Nola Cecins, Andrew S L Chan, Marita T Dale, Leona M Dowman, Catherine Granger, Simon Halloran, Peter Jung, Annemarie L Lee, Regina Leung, Tamara Matulick, Christian Osadnik, Mary Roberts, James Walsh, Sally Wootton, Anne E Holland, on behalf of the Lung Foundation Australia and the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand 10.1111/resp.13025 (Apr 2017)
The aim of these Guidelines is to provide evidence-based recommendations for the practice of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) specific to Australian and New Zealand healthcare contexts.
These first-ever pulmonary rehabilitation Guidelines for Australia and New Zealand were launched (24-28 March 2017) at the TSANZSRS Annual Scientific Meeting in Canberra, Australia (24-28 March 2017), and were drawn up following a systematic review of over 275 clinical trials.
The Guidelines recommend that all COPD patients should be offered pulmonary rehabilitation regardless of their disease severity.
See the full Editorial for these important Guidelines at onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/resp.13039/full
Comment by Dr Mark Lavercombe:
This study examines the utility of bronchoscopy in patients admitted with acute exacerbations of interstitial lung disease. Although a relatively low diagnostic yield is identified, significant potential complications are noted and there is no in-hospital mortality benefit seen in those undergoing the procedure.
Comment by Dr Mark Lavercombe:
This study demonstrates that assessment of the diagnosis and management of interstitial lung diseases by an expert multidisciplinary panel can potentially make a major contribution to patient outcomes. A significant proportion of patients is re-classified after MDT discussion, leading to changes in management. Longer term follow-up of patient outcomes might add weight to the use of MDT discussions.
Effect of long-term treatment with corticosteroids on skeletal muscle strength, functional exercise capacity and health status in patients with interstitial lung disease. Hanada et al.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/resp.12807/abstract (May 2016)
(FREE access: Editor's Choice; Editorial: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/resp.12843/abstract)
Interstitial lung disease associated with gemcitabine: A Japanese retrospective cohort study. Hamada et al.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/resp.12665/abstract (Nov 2015)